Items where Subject is "D History General and Old World > DA Great Britain"

Article

Ackers, Peter (2016) Experiments in industrial democracy: an historical assessment of the Leicestershire boot and shoe co-operative co-partnership movement. Labor History, 57 (4). pp. 526-548. ISSN 1469-9702

Barker, Rodney (2007) Book review : Bolshevism and the British Left, Part Two: The Webbs and Soviet Communism. Labour History Review, 72 (2). pp. 187-188. ISSN 0961-5652

Beckerman-Boys, Carly (2016) The Reversal of the Passfield White Paper, 1930–1 : a reassessment. Journal of Contemporary History, 51 (2). pp. 213-233. ISSN 1461-7250

Beveridge, William (1948) Obituary: Sidney Webb (Lord Passfield) (1859-1947). Economic Journal, 58 (231). pp. 428-434. ISSN 0013-0133

Bosanquet, Bernard and Webb, Sidney (1909) The Reports of the Poor Law Commission. Sociological Review, 2 (2). pp. 109-139.

Brennan, Edward J. T. (1959) Sidney Webb and the London Technical Education Board. I: Pattern for the future. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 11 (23). pp. 85-96. ISSN 1363-6820 (Print); 1747-5090 (Online)

Brennan, Edward J. T. (1960) Sidney Webb and the London Technical Education Board. II: The Board at work. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 12 (24). pp. 27-43. ISSN 1363-6820 (Print); 1747-5090 (Online)

Brennan, Edward J. T. (1961) Sidney Webb and the London Technical Education Board. III: The Education Act of 1902. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 13 (27). pp. 146-171. ISSN 1363-6820 (Print); 1747-5090 (Online)

Brennan, Edward J. T. (1962) Sidney Webb and the London Technical Education Board. IV: The London Education Act of 1903. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 14 (28). pp. 56-76. ISSN 1363-6820 (Print); 1747-5090 (Online)

Cohen, M. J. (2016) The British Mandate in Palestine: the strange case of the 1930 White Paper. European Journal of Jewish Studies, 10 (1). pp. 79-107. ISSN 1872-471X

Eriguchi, Taku (2005) Sidney and Beatrice Webb's viewpoint on collectivism : was it private or public Interest? Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Aichi Prefectural University (53). pp. 1-20.

Harrison, Frederic (1888) The sacrifice of education to examination. The Nineteenth century, 24 (141). pp. 617-652. ISSN 2043-5304

Harvey, A. D. (1999) London’s boroughs. History Today, 49 (7). ISSN 0018-2753

Himmelfarb, Gertrude (1971) The intellectual in politics: the case of the Webbs. Journal of Contemporary History, 6 (3). pp. 3-11. ISSN 1461-7250

Kaufman, Bruce E. (2014) History of the British industrial relations field reconsidered : getting from the Webbs to the new employment relations paradigm. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 52 (1). pp. 1-32. ISSN 0007-1080

Müller-Jentsch, Walther (2008) Industrial democracy : historical development and current challenges. Management revue, 19 (4). pp. 260-273. ISSN 0935-9915; E-ISSN: 1861-9908

Persky, Joseph (2017) Producer co-operatives in nineteenth-century British economic thought. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 24 (2). ISSN 1469-5936

Sheffer, G. (1973) Intentions and results of British policy in Palestine: Passfield's white paper. Middle Eastern Studies, 9 (1). pp. 43-60. ISSN 0020-7438

Webb, Beatrice (1888) East London labour. The Nineteenth century, 24 (138). pp. 161-183. ISSN 2043-5304

Webb, Beatrice (2012) LSE-founder Beatrice Webb's diaries reflect on failing bankers and a troubled Labour Party ... 70-odd years ago. Huffpost culture, Online.

Webb, Beatrice (1888) Pages from a work-girl's diary. The Nineteenth century, 24 (139). pp. 301-314. ISSN 2043-5304

Webb, Beatrice (1909) What happens to the workhouse babies? : [letter] to the Editor of the Manchester Guardian. Manchester Guardian (24 Apr). p. 6.

Webb, Beatrice (1921) The co-operative movement of Great Britain and its recent development. International Labour Review, 4. pp. 227-256. ISSN 0020-7780

Webb, Beatrice (1887) The dock life of East London. The Nineteenth Century (128). pp. 483-499. ISSN 2043-5304

Webb, Beatrice (1886) A lady's view of the unemployed at the East. Pall Mall Gazette (6530).

Webb, Sidney (1904) The County Councils : what they could do for social progress. Review of Reviews, 29 (171). pp. 240-243.

Webb, Sidney (1917) Drink. New Statesman, 136 (4836). pp. 29-30. ISSN 1364-7431

Webb, Sidney (1919) Four weeks in England. The New Republic, 18. pp. 407-409. ISSN 0028-6583

Webb, Sidney (1930) Great Britain and Cyprus: reply to the memorial of the Greek elected members of the Legislative Council of July 20th, 1929. Near East and India, 37. pp. 150-152.

Webb, Sidney (2006) Ireland in fiction: the scientific and sociological value of novels, 1916. Sociological Origins, 5 (1). pp. 21-24. ISSN 1557-9727

Webb, Sidney (1923) The Labour Party and the Empire. Empire Review, 37. pp. 220-232.

Webb, Sidney (1895) The London County Council and its work. Review of Reviews, 11. pp. 27-28.

Webb, Sidney (1920) Simplicity or guile. New Statesman, 15 (367). pp. 60-62. ISSN 1364-7431

Webb, Sidney (1902) Trusts, trade-unions, and the national minimum. International Monthly, 5 (2). pp. 127-148.

Webb, Sidney (1910) Unionists and the Minority Report: Mr. Sidney Webb's reply: [a letter] to the Editor of The Observer. Observer (25 Mar). p. 8.

Webb, Sidney (1932) What happened in 1931: a record. Political quarterly, 3 (1). pp. 1-17. ISSN 0032-3179

Webb, Sidney (1921) The crisis in coal. New Statesman, 16 (416). pp. 746-747. ISSN 1364-7431

Webb, Sidney (1907) The history of London. The Nation. pp. 669-670. ISSN 0027-8378

Webb, Sidney (1920) The outlook for the consumer: what is the remedy?: no prospect of fall in prices: the scandal of huge profits: "just business!". Observer (22 Feb). p. 15.

Webb, Sidney (1897) The provision of higher commercial education in London. Journal of the Society of Arts, 45. pp. 938-943.

Webb, Sidney and Taylor, Robert (2007) Drink. New Statesman, 136 (4836). p. 62. ISSN 1364-7431

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1897) Die Stellung der britischen Gewerkvereine gegenüber der Einführung neuer Arbeitsmethoden. Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung und Statistik, 10. pp. 83-118. ISSN 0174-8181

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1908) The England of Domesday. The Nation, 3. p. 128. ISSN 0027-8378

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1896) Primitive democracy in British trade unionism. Political Science Quarterly, 11 (3). pp. 397-432.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1902) What happened to the English parish. I. Political Science Quarterly , 17 (2). pp. 223-246.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1902) What happened to the English parish. II. Political Science Quarterly, 17 (3). pp. 438-459.

Book Section

Booth, Charles and Webb, Beatrice (1902) [Contributions to] Vol. 3: Poverty: blocks of buildings, schools and immigration. In: Life and labour of the people in London. Macmillan, London.

Booth, Charles and Webb, Beatrice (1902) [Contributions to] Vol. 4: Poverty: the trades of East London connected with poverty. In: Life and labour of the people in London. Macmillan, London.

Davis, John (2004) Webb [née Potter], (Martha) Beatrice (1858–1943), social reformer and diarist; Also including Sidney James Webb, Baron Passfield (1859–1947). In: Oxford dictionary of national biography. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Persky, Joseph (2016) The Fabians, early and late. In: The Political Economy of Progress: John Stuart Mill and Modern Radicalism. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 9780190460631 ; E-ISBN: 9780190460662

Russell, Bertrand (1956) Sidney and Beatrice Webb. In: Portraits from memory : and other essays. Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 98-103.

Webb, Beatrice (1910) Memoranda. C. The history of poor law administration in Bradford, 1838-1906. In: [Report of the] Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. Appendix Volume XII. Memoranda by individual commissioners on various subjects. Cd. (4983). H.M.S.O., London, pp. 312-326.

Webb, Beatrice (1910) Memoranda. D. The history of poor law administration in Poplar, 1837-1906. In: [Report of the] Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. Appendix Volume XII. Memoranda by individual commissioners on various subjects. Cd. (4983). H.M.S.O., London, pp. 327-337.

Webb, Beatrice (1919) Minority report [on women in industry]. In: Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry. Cmnd. (135). H.M.S.O. for the War Office, London, pp. 254-333.

Webb, Beatrice (1889) The docks. In: Labour and life of the people. Vol.1: East London. Williams and Norgate, London, pp. 184-208.

Webb, Beatrice (1910) The history of poor law administration in Bradford, 1838-1906. In: Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. Appendices. Vol. XII: [Memoranda by individual commissioners]. Cd. (4983). H.M.S.O., London.

Webb, Beatrice (1910) The history of poor law adminsitration in Poplar, 1837-1906. In: Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. Appendices. Vol. XII: [Memoranda by individual commissioners]. Cd. (4983). H.M.S.O., London.

Webb, Beatrice (1910) The medical services of the poor law and public health departments of English local government, in their relation to each other, to the public and to the prevention and cure of disease. In: Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. Appendices. Vol. XII: [Memoranda by individual commissioners]. Cd. (4983). H.M.S.O., London.

Webb, Beatrice (1889) The tailoring trade. In: Labour and life of the people. Vol.1: East London. Williams and Norgate, London, pp. 209-240.

Webb, Beatrice and Booth, Charles (1889) Part II: The trades. II: The docks. In: Labour and life of the people. Volume I: East London. Williams and Norgate, London, pp. 184-208.

Webb, Beatrice and Booth, Charles (1889) Part II: The trades. III: Tailoring. In: Labour and life of the people. Volume I: East London. Williams and Norgate, London, pp. 209-240.

Webb, Beatrice and Booth, Charles (1889) Part III: Special subjects. III: The Jewish community. In: Labour and life of the people. Volume I: East London. Williams and Norgate, London, pp. 564-590.

Webb, Beatrice and Wakefield, Henry Russell (1909) Separate report by H. Russell Wakefield, Beatrice Webb ... [and others. The 'Minority Report']. In: Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. Report. Cd. (4499). H.M.S.O., London.

Webb, Sidney (1908) Appendix. In: A century of education : being the centenary history of the British & Foreign School Society, 1808-1908. J.M. Dent & Co., London.

Webb, Sidney (1940) Avant-propos. In: Le chartisme : 1831-1848. Bibliothèque d'Histoirè Économique et Sociale . Rivière, Paris.

Webb, Sidney (1938) Foreword. In: Warwick county records ... Volume 4: Quarter sessions order book, Easter 1657 to Epiphany 1665. L. Edgar Stephens, Warwick.

Webb, Sidney (1908) Preface. In: A history of the English agricultural labourer. London School of Economics and Political Science. Studies in economics and political science (15). King, London.

Webb, Sidney (1896) Some facts and considerations about municipal socialism. In: The Co-operative Wholesale Societies Ltd. annual for 1896. Co-Operative Wholesale Society Limited, Manchester, pp. 286-322.

Webb, Sidney (1893) The condition of the working classes in Great Britain in 1842 and 1892. In: The Co-operative Wholesale Societies Ltd. annual for 1893. Co-Operative Wholesale Society Limited, Manchester, pp. 537-554.

Wilkinson, Sarah (2003) The Concept of the state, 1880–1939 : "The discredit of the State is a sign that it has done its work well". In: A Concise companion to modernism. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 179-199. ISBN 0631220542; 9780631220541; e-ISBN: 9780631220558

Conference or Workshop Item

Bevir, Mark (2004) Monism in Britain. In: The Monist Century 1845-1945: Science, Secularism and Worldview, October 2 and 3, 2009, Queen's University Belfast. (Unpublished)

Eriguchi, Taku (2010) Theory of the Webbs on national minimum and the future of British economy. In: HETSA2010 (History of Economic Thought Society of Australia), 7-9 July 2010, University of Sydney.

Webb, Sidney (1900) Le developpement de l'education commerciale a Londres: ses effets sur l'organisation methodique d'un enseignement des sciences politiques et economiques. In: Congres international de l'enseignement des sciences sociales, 30 Jul - 03 Aug 1900, Paris.

Book

Chandler, F. and Lansbury, George and Wakefield, Henry Russell and Webb, Beatrice (1909) Break up the Poor Law and abolish the workhouse : being Part I of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission. Fabian Society, London.

Chandler, F. and Lansbury, George and Wakefield, Henry Russell and Webb, Beatrice (1909) The Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission. Part I: The break up of the Poor Law. National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law, London.

Chandler, F. and Lansbury, George and Wakefield, Henry Russell and Webb, Beatrice (1909) The Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission. Part II: The unemployed. National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law, London.

Chandler, F. and Lansbury, George and Wakefield, Henry Russell and Webb, Beatrice (1909) The remedy for unemployment : being Part II of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission. Fabian Society, London.

Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1962) The lesser Fabians. Our history (28). Central Books for the History Group of the Communist Party, London.

Letwin, Shirley Robin (2012) The pursuit of certainty : David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Beatrice Webb. Project Muse . Liberty Fund, Indianapolis.

Maĭskiĭ, Ivan Mikhaĭlovich and Gorodetsky, Gabriel and Ready, Oliver (2015) The Maisky Diaries : red ambassador to the Court of St James's, 1932-1943. Yale University Press, New Haven. ISBN 0300180675; 978-0300180671; 9780300180671

McBriar, Alan M. (1987) An Edwardian mixed doubles : the Bosanquets versus the Webbs : a study in British social policy 1890-1929. Clarendon, Oxford. ISBN 0198201117

Morgan, Kevin (2006) The Webbs and Soviet communism. Bolshevism and the British Left, 2 . Lawrence & Wishart, London. ISBN 9781905007264; 1905007264

Muggeridge, Kitty and Adam, Ruth (1967) Beatrice Webb, a life, 1858-1943. Secker and Warburg, London.

Nako, Tadayuki (2005) Uebbu fusai no shōgai to shisō : Igirisu shakai minshu shugi no genryū [The life and thoughts of the Webbs : the origins of British social democracy]. Hōritsu Bunkasha, Kyōto.

Renard, Georges (Madame) (1897) Femmes anglaises : Mme Sidney Webb (Béatrice Potter), Mme Emmeline Pankhurst, Mme Sparling. Boulevarde Montmartre, Paris.

Shaw, George Bernard and Webb, Sidney (1894) A plan of campaign for labor, containing the substance of the Fabian manifesto entitled "To your tents, O Israel!" ("Fortnightly review", Nov. 1893); with practical proposals for labor representation. Fabian Tract . Fabian Society, London.

Tawney, Richard Henry (1945) The Webbs and their work. Webb Memorial Trust, London.

Webb, Beatrice (1983) The diary of Beatrice Webb. Volume 2: 1892-1905: All the good things of life. Virago in association with the London School of Economics and Political Science, London. ISBN 0860682102 / 0-86068-210-2 / 9780860682103

Webb, Beatrice (1984) The diary of Beatrice Webb. Volume 3: 1905-1924: The power to alter things. Virago in association with the London School of Economics and Political Science, London. ISBN 0860682110 / 0-86068-211-0 / 9780860682110

Webb, Beatrice (1985) The diary of Beatrice Webb. Volume 4: 1924-1943: The wheel of life. Virago in association with the London School of Economics and Political Science, London. ISBN 0860682129 / 0-86068-212-9 / 9780860682127

Webb, Beatrice (1916) A woman's appeal, by Mrs. Sidney Webb : personal expenditure in war time. HMSO, London.

Webb, Beatrice and Wallis, Ed (2009) From the workhouse to welfare: what Beatrice Webb's 1909 minority report can teach us today. Fabian Society, London. ISBN 9780716341062; 0716341069

Webb, Sidney (1897) Labor in the longest reign (1837-1897) [Labour in the longest reign]. Fabian tract (75). Fabian Society, London.

Webb, Sidney (1899) Labor in the longest reign (1837-1897) [Labour in the longest reign]. Fabian tract (75). Fabian Society, London.

Webb, Sidney (1898) London's heritage in the City guilds. Fabian tract (31). Fabian Society, London.

Webb, Sidney (1930) Palestine : statement of policy by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom : presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, October 1930. Cmd. 3692 . HMSO, London.

Webb, Sidney (1920) The Profiteering Act, 1919: findings by a committee appointed to enquire into the effect on road transport rates caused by the alleged existence of a combine / Chairman: Sidney Webb. Cmd. (549). HMSO, London.

Webb, Sidney (1920) The Profiteering Act, 1919: findings by a committee appointed to enquire into the existence of a trade combination in the tobacco industry and into the effect which its operation has on prices and on the trade generally / Chairman: Sidney Webb. Cmd. (558). HMSO, London.

Webb, Sidney (1930) Report of the Conference on the Operation of Dominion Legislation and Merchant Shipping Legislation, 1929: presented by the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs to Parliament by command of His Majesty, January, 1930. Cmd. (3479). HMSO, London.

Webb, Sidney (1932) What happened in 1931: a record. Fabian tract (237). Fabian Society, London.

Webb, Sidney (1921) The story of the Durham miners, 1662-1921. British trade union history collection (237). Fabian Society; Labour Publishing Co., London.

Webb, Sidney and Freeman, Arnold (1916) Great Britain after the war. Allen & Unwin, London.

Webb, Sidney and Freeman, Arnold (1917) Great Britain after the war. Allen & Unwin, London.

Webb, Sidney and Freeman, Arnold (1918) Great Britain after the war. Allen & Unwin, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1906) Bibliography of road making and maintenance in Great Britain. Roads Improvement Association, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1975) Education for national efficiency: the contribution of Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Athlone Press, London. ISBN 0485111519

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1906) English local government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act: The parish and the county. [English local government], 1 . Longmans, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1908) English local government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act: the manor and the borough. Part One. [English local government], 2 . Longmans, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1908) English local government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act: the manor and the borough. Part Two. [English local government], 3 . Longmans, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1922) English local government. Vol. 4: Statutory authorities for special purposes. Longmans, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1913) English local government. [Vol. 5:] The story of the King's highway. Longmans, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1929) English poor law history. Part II: The last hundred years. [English local government], 8-9 . The Authors, Liphook.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (2003) Poverty and the poor law. Vol. 5: English poor law history. Part 2: The last hundred years, Vol. 1. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. ISBN 1403917426

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (2003) Poverty and the poor law. Vol. 6: English poor law history. Part 2: The last hundred years, Vol. 2. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. ISBN 1403917426

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1913) Storia delle unioni operaie in Inghilterra. Biblioteca dell'Economista, Quinta serie, 6 . Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, Turin.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1920) A constitution for the socialist commonwealth of Great Britain. Longmans, Green, London and New York.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1975) A constitution for the socialist commonwealth of Great Britain. Cambridge University Press [for] the LSE, Cambridge. ISBN 0521208513 / 0-521-20851-3

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice (1916) The prevention of destitution. Longmans, London and New York.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Bourgin, Hubert and Bourgin, Madame Hubert (1912) Le problème de l'assistance publique en Angleterre. Les documents du socialisme (7). Marcel Rivière, Paris.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Keith-Lucas, Bryan (1963) English local government. Vol. 1: The parish and the county. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Keith-Lucas, Bryan (1963) English local government. Vol. 4: Statutory authorities for special purposes. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Keith-Lucas, Bryan (1963) English local government. Vol. 2: The manor and the borough. Part I. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Keith-Lucas, Bryan (1963) English local government. Vol. 3: The manor and the borough. Part II. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Müller, August (1924) Die genossenschaftliche Gemeinwirtschaft: (The cooperative commonwealth). Soziale Organisationen der Gegenwart. Forschungen und Beiträge . H. Meyer's Buchdruckerei, Abteilung Verlag, Halberstadt.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Ponsonby, G. J. (1963) English local government. Vol. 5: The story of the King's highway. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Radzinowicz, Leon (1963) English local government. Vol. 6: English prisons under local government. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Robson, W. A. (1963) English local government. Vol. 10: English poor law policy. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Robson, W. A. (1963) English local government. Vol. 7: English poor law history. Part 1: The old poor law. Cass, London.

Webb, Sidney and Webb, Beatrice and Shaw, George Bernard (1922) English local government. [Vol. 6:] English prisons under local government. Longmans, Green, London and New York.

Thesis

Bales, Kevin (1994) Early innovations in social research: the Poverty Survey of Charles Booth. Other thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1950) Fabianism and the Fabians, 1884-1914. PhD thesis, Cambridge.

Martin, Kathleen Callanan (2004) Hard and unreal advice: mothers, social science, and the Victorian poor law. Other thesis, Brandeis University.

Video

Cox, Michael and Donnelly, Sue (2015) The 'School' : the LSE from the Webbs to the Third Way. [Video]

Audio

Cox, Michael and Kukathas, Chandran and Glendinning, Simon (2016) One School, two visions. [Audio]

McElvoy, Anne (2018) British socialism : The Grand Tour: Series 1: Beatrice and Sidney Webb and the Fabian Society [podcast]. [Audio]

Other

Cole, Margaret (2008) Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Thomson Gale.

Donnelly, Sue (2015) Beatrice Webb - the early years. LSE History blog, London.

Donnelly, Sue (2016) Our partnership – the courtship of Sidney and Beatrice Webb. LSE History blog, London.

Donnelly, Sue (2015) Sidney Webb – the early years. LSE History Blog, London.

Hayter, Diane and Rawes, Richard (2017) Five things you may not know about Beatrice Webb ... Webb Memorial Trust, London.

Webb, Beatrice (1978) The diary of Beatrice Webb, 1873 to 1943, typescript and holograph [microform]. Chadwyck-Healey, Cambridge.

Webb, Beatrice (1887) The dock life of East London. Gale Cengage Learning.